Guides

A practical guide to citing European Court of Human Rights judgments: the mandatory elements, the Bluebook and OSCOLA formats, and the mistakes made most often.

What Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights guarantees, how its civil and criminal limbs differ, and where to find the relevant case law.

Search strategies for case law: keyword search versus semantic search, how to phrase the query, and how to filter the results.

How official HUDOC translations differ from machine ones, how to check a translation's status, and when the original text must be cited.

The role of precedent in a civil-law system: the persuasive force of Supreme Court practice, the special weight of ECtHR judgments, and how to build both into pleadings.